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Combine Rail Cars

Last revised: June 23, 2023

By: Adam Burns

As the name implies, combines were two types of cars situated under one roof.  It became a somewhat standard part of passenger consists relatively early in the railroad industry's history due to its added efficiency by removing one car from the train.

The most common type of combine was usually the coach-baggage that could house both passengers on one end and their luggage on the other although there were various types.

The car typically saw service service on small, unnamed trains and/or on light branch lines which were lightly populated and not heavily traveled, particularly in the later years of passenger rail travel when patronage was in severe decline.  

The more prominent, flagship runs like the Broadway Limited, 20th Century Limited, or Empire Builder normally always used dedicated cars for every type of service (baggage, mail, RPO, etc.).  

The combine car's genesis began with the baggage car.  As John H. White, Jr. notes notes in his book, "The American Railroad Passenger Car" (Part 2), executives viewed baggage service as an necessary evil; it brought no additional revenue (aside from a small fee) but was nevertheless a mandatory aspect of passenger service.  

It is unknown when the first stand-alone baggage car was put into service.  However, its earliest known reference dates back to 1833. 

The term baggage car first appeared in the American Railroad Journal on January 19, 1833 when a fire destroyed a New Castle & Frenchtown Railroad (Delaware's first railroad) baggage car and its cargo, which included $60,000 in greenbacks. 

The Baltimore & Ohio Railroad also mentioned a baggage car that year:

The conveyance of baggage on the tops of passenger-cars has been attended with so much labor and inconvenience in loading, unloading and shifting the baggage at so great a height, added to the manifest injury done the cars in the hurry and bustle of these operations, that the necessity of some improvement on the present plan is obviously indispensable. 

It is proposed to construct some cars and tenders to the passenger-cars for the exclusive purpose of carrying baggage and in constructing them to make two distinct apartments, one for the baggage going to the ultimate point of destination, which will remain undisturbed for the whole trip, the other for the accommodation of way passengers.

This description could arguably describe an early combine.  As Mr. White goes on to note, the combine was not a singular car type but actually described any car that included duel roles such as:

• Coach-baggage-mail


• Lounge-dormitory


• Café-coach


• Coach-buffet-parlor


• Baggage-dormitory-boiler


• Coach-baggage

Generally, the term described the car in its head-end configuration carrying a mix of passengers and baggage or baggage and mail/express. 

The industry's name wasn't even universal as it the car was described as a either a combined, combination, or composite.

Today, the combine has mostly been relegated to the history books as Amtrak stopped using it years ago although numerous examples, some quite old, have been preserved.  

Combine cars began to appear on passenger trains not long after the common coach car appeared in the mid-19th century.

The traditional combine was, of course, the coach-baggage which featured the baggage compartment at the front of the car while the back section featured coach seating for passengers.  

Baggage cars were a staple of passenger train consists nearly from the beginning and became common by the second-half of the 19th century (around the same time the classic coach was introduced featuring a center-aisle and seating to either side).

Because the car was always situated at the front of the train the railroads termed it head-end equipment, which also included the locomotives and other non-passenger consists like the RPO (Railway Post Office), which carried  the mail.  

Combine cars also operated as coach-RPOs with the mail section, again, forward of where the passengers were located.

Once upon a time keeping the mail moving and delivered on time meant that it traveled much of its journey via the railroads, and this was the job of the Railway Post Office (also known simply as the RPO).

The RPO was essentially a moving post office and the clerks on board had to undergo rigorous training to make sure they could handle the blitzkrieg of work involved.

Once the government contracted mail movements exclusively to the railroads soon after they became an efficient and recognized mode of transportation in the early part of the 19th century a new car was born to handle the work, the RPO.  

Finally, combine cars also operated as baggage-dormitories (or baggage-dorms). Aside from storing baggage (in the front section) these cars also featured one or two dozen bunks as well as showers and lavatories.

These combines usually operated on long distance trains like the Super Chief, City of Los Angeles, or Empire Builder entire purpose of the car was to provide rest and refreshment areas for the on board crew (chefs, car attendants, etc.).

With the creation of Amtrak in 1971 the need for combine cars greatly diminished, particularly after the carrier began receiving its large order of bi-level, Superliner cars, which featured both baggage storage and dormitory areas.

However, for a few years the baggage-dormitory combine cars remained in use on Amtrak's eastern lines because of the tight tunnel clearances found in the Appalachians and Northeastern mountainous regions.

With the arrival of the Viewliner sleeping cars in 1996 these retrofitted baggage-dorms were no longer and finally retired from the railroad altogether.