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Alco "PA" Locomotives: Restoration, Specs, Engine, Rosters

Last revised: February 21, 2025

By: Adam Burns

Alco's PA series has often been regarded as the most beautiful and aesthetically pleasing diesel ever built. There is no doubt that when one combs the library of diesel designs over the years the PA at the very least ranks as one of the best ever purely on its aesthetics.

The model was designed for passenger service and meant to compete with the Electro-Motive's highly successful E series that had debuted some years earlier. Unfortunately, the PA never sold well for Alco as the original prime mover the builder employed was simply unreliable and problematic.  

Initial sales proved promising but after these issues cropped up most shied away from later variants.  Today, Doyle McCormack has successful restored former Santa Fe PA-1 #62-L into Nickel Plate Road #190. The locomotive  lovingly brought back to life has since been sold (March, 2023) to Genesee Valley Transportation of Pennsylvania, which plans to use the locomotive in excursion service. Additionally, the shell of another former Santa Fe PA is being restored in Texas.

Photos

A sharp Rio Grande PA-PB-PA set has train #18, the eastbound "California Zephyr," at Grand Junction, Colorado on September 13, 1956. Jackson Thode photo.

Overview

The original Alco PA (the P stood for Passenger and A referred to the unit having a cab) was built right after World War II in 1946 and was rated at 2,000 horsepower (later upgraded models were carried 2,250 horsepower).

The model was also cataloged with cabless streamlined units known as PBs (or just "Bs" as most referred to them), which matched the PAs and increased the horsepower rating.

When the PA was released Alco was already in catchup mode racing to release a competing model to EMD's revolutionary E series that had originally debuted before World War II in 1937 beginning with the EA (Baltimore & Ohio, E1 (Santa Fe), and E2 (Union Pacific).

A pair of Santa Fe PA-1s, led by #69-L, are at the summit of Cajon Pass with a fan trip in early 1964. Roy Gabriel photo.

Wartime restrictions prevented Alco from any significant work during the war but worked feverishly to catch up after the conflict had ended. This, unfortunately, hurt the builder immensely staying level with Electro-Motive.

Working in conjunction with General Electric on the model, the company used GE's Ray Patten to give the locomotive a fine exterior appearance (Patten also designed the PA's freight counterpart, the FA) and he unveiled an incredibly stunning carbody.  

However, Alco rushed the development of its new model 244 prime mover giving its engineers just a year after the war ended to work out any issues with engine.

A pair of handsome Santa Fe PA-1s, with #62-L closest to the photographer, is seen here in Fort Worth, Texas in January, 1964. This unit would go on to become Delaware & Hudson #18 before being sent to Mexico. Today, it is restored as Nickel Plate Road #190 and owned by the Genesee Valley Transportation. Dennis E. Conniff III photo, Rick Burn collection.

Initially, the problems of the 244 were masked by Alco's then-excellent reputation as a locomotive builder.

The company had also used the 244, quite successfully, in the production of small switcher and road-switcher designs although the prime mover simply wasn't ready for heavy, main line applications. 

In June of 1946 the PA began testing on the Lehigh Valley clad in a beautiful demonstrator livery of maroon with silver trim with the combined GE/Alco livery adorned on the nose and carbody (the units were numbered 9077 and 9078).

The Santa Fe was immediately pleased with the new model and ordered twenty-eight PA-1s and sixteen PB-1s between September of 1946 and December  of1948. Other railroads soon followed and Alco would eventually sell 170 total PA-1s and PB-1s.

Rio Grande PA-1 #6003 and an F3A with the westbound "Yampa Valley" stopped at Winter Park, Colorado, circa 1965. American-Rails.com collection.

Reception

The PA-1 could produce 2,000 horsepower and provide 30,500 pound of continuous tractive effort using an A1A-A1A truck design (two outside powered axles with an unpowered center axle).

The locomotive was 65 feet, 8 inches long and its most stunning feature was its sweeping, streamlined nose and raked front windshields (the PA was nearly 10 feet longer than its FA counterpart).

As problems mounted with the PA-1 Alco rushed to correct the problem building an entirely new prime mover in the process, the model 251. This new engine proved much more reliable but was not available in time for the PA series.  

Data Sheets

There has been confusion over the years with the so-called "PA-3" variant.   It appears some railfans came up with this designation in reference to the PA-2/PB-2, DL-304D and DL-305D variants, that included upgraded engine components including:

• Water-Cooled Turbocharger (In place of the air-cooled design used on early versions.)

• New fuel injection system to reduce smoke emissions.

• Improvements to the exhaust manifold to improve its service life.

• Hardened crankshaft to reduce failures.

• Upgrade to GE's model GT586 traction generator.

According to John Kirkland's book mentioned above, Alco never cataloged a PA-3 model, referring only to the PA-1/PB-1 and PA-2/PB-2, along with their variants.

Interestingly, Alco initially never even cataloged a PA-2/PB-2. Instead, these were simply referred to by their PA-1/PB-1 model designation; DL-304C/D and DL-305C/D.

It was only after production ended that Alco subcategorized these as PA-2's/PB-2's.  In addition, information came to light some 12 years after production had ended, in November, 1965, that Alco did indeed intend to produce a PA-3/PB-3 if the passenger market had warranted such.

These were to carry specifications DL-304E/DL-305E but, of course, never entered production.

After witnessing initial sales of 170 units with its first PA-1 design the later PA-2 models sold a combined total of 77 units by the time production had officially ended in December of 1953.

These numbers were a mere fraction when compared to EMD's E and F series, which together sold thousands by the time the models were no longer cataloged in the 1950s and early 1960s.

Santa Fe PA-1 #65-L at Redondo Junction (Los Angeles), circa 1965. American-Rails.com collection.

While Alco’s PA was unpopular with most railroads it gained instant celebrity status with the railfan community.  A big reason for the model’s popularity, besides its good looks was the fact that it went extinct. 

After the last PA ended its career with the Delaware & Hudson (whose PAs were originally owned by the Santa Fe) in 1978 and left for Mexico none remained on U.S. soil for nearly 25 years.

American Locomotive PA-1 #1776, the "Spirit Of 1776," built for 1947's "Freedom Train" is seen here on display at unknown location. The locomotive went on to become Gulf, Mobile & Ohio #292.

Nickel Plate 190

Then, two PAs made their way back in 2002; one was acquired by the Smithsonian for restoration and the other went to renowned locomotive restorationist Doyle McCormack.

McCormack spent nearly 20 years restoring what was originally Santa Fe #62-L into Nickel Plate Road's "Bluebird" passenger livery and given #190.  Its prime mover was started for the first time in October, 2013 although the locomotive still required a bit of work to begin operating under its own power.

The restoration of NKP #190 (originally AT&SF #62-L) is a near miracle; it took several years just to negotiate the locomotives’ return to the United States and by that point nothing was left but the carbody shell. 

Production Rosters

PA-1

Total Built = 169

*  Became Gulf, Mobile & Ohio #292.

** Demonstrated in Canadian National colors.  Later became Missouri-Kansas-Texas (Katy) PA-2s #59A and #59C.

PB-1

Total Built = 39

PA-2

Total Built = 81

Export

PB-2

Total Built = 8

PA-4

Total Built = 4

Morrison-Knudsen Rebuilds

A handsome Santa Fe PA-PB-PA set has arrived in Pasadena, California with train #17, the westbound "Super Chief," in 1948. Russ Cole photo. American-Rails.com collection.

Preservation

While #190 does not have all original PA equipment since much  of it no longer exists, many parts are of Alco origin.  The Smithsonian's Alco PA, former AT&SF #59-L, has since been donated to the Museum of the American Railroad in Texas.

The goal now of the museum is to fully, cosmetically restore the locomotive (currently only an empty shell as well) back into its original AT&SF "Warbonnet" livery as #59-L.  Later restoration efforts may also completely return the locomotive to operational status. 

Like a lot of folks, I have always had a soft spot for Alcos, especially their PA so it will be great to see #190 and #59-L roll out of the shop for the final time either fully or cosmetically restored.

It was announced on March 2, 2023 that Nickel Plate #190 had been sold to Genesee Valley Transportation for operation on the company's Delaware-Lackawanna Railroad based in Scranton, Pennsylvania.  Shop forces will inspect the PA and carry out whatever remaining work is needed to allow the locomotive to begin leading excursions along the former Delaware & Hudson line in Northeastern Pennsylvania.

In any event, more information about the PA series can be found above regarding which railroads purchased the model. Finally, while not listed there was also the Alco PA-4 model. This was simply a rebuild (by Morrison-Knudsen) of four former AT&SF PA-1s, all of which went to the Delaware & Hudson in the 1970s.

They were renumbered 16-18 and retrofitted with Alco's much more reliable model 251 prime mover. They paraded around the D&H system for years before being sold to a Mexican railway and are the two that returned to the States in the early 2000s.  

Rio Grande PA-1 #6001 in Denver, Colorado; July 1, 1961. Ed Fulcomer photo. American-Rails.com collection.

Sources

• Foster, Gerald. A Field Guide To Trains. New York: Houghton Mifflin, 1996.

• Kirkland, John F. Diesel Builders, The:  Volume Two, American Locomotive Company And Montreal Locomotive Works. Glendale: Interurban Press, 1989.

• Pinkepank, Jerry A. Diesel Spotter's Guide.  Milwaukee: Kalmbach Publishing Company, 1967.

• Schafer, Mike. Vintage Diesel Locomotives. Osceola: MBI Publishing, 1998.

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