Bangor and Aroostook Railroad: Serving Northern Maine

Last revised: September 15, 2026

The Bangor & Aroostook, Serving Northern Maine. Albert A. Burleigh and Aroostook County built it to put a railroad into potato country that had none. Maine chartered the company on February 13, 1891. The first trains ran to Houlton on January 1, 1894. For a century the map stayed inside the state: Searsport on Penobscot Bay, Northern Maine Junction outside Bangor, the shops at Derby, Great Northern’s mills at Millinocket, and the County as far as Van Buren and St. Francis. Potatoes and paper paid the bills. The last train under the BAR name ran in 2003. Reporting mark BAR—not B&A, which was the Boston & Albany.

Bangor and Aroostook BL2 57 and F3A 40 on the turntable at Northern Maine Junction Maine September 24 1976

Bangor & Aroostook BL2 #57 and F3A #40 on the turntable at Northern Maine Junction, Maine on September 24, 1976. Warren Calloway photo.

On this page: At a glance · Burleigh and the County · How the map was built · Potatoes, paper, and the seaport · Passenger trains · Diesels and the State of Maine cars · Bangor Punta, Dumaine, and the potato winter · Iron Road, MM&A, and Lac-Mégantic · What remains

At a glance

The Bangor & Aroostook logo. Author’s work.

Item	Detail
Headquarters	Bangor, Maine
Charter	Maine, February 13, 1891
Founder	Albert A. Burleigh, Houlton
First trains	Houlton, January 1, 1894
Dates of operation	January 1, 1894–January 9, 2003
States	Maine (Van Buren Bridge into St. Leonard, New Brunswick, from May 1, 1915)
Route-miles (1930)	616. Peak plant, on the order of 850 miles of track
Route-miles (2000)	433, before Iron Road added the former Canadian Pacific line toward Montreal
Gauge	4 feet 8½ inches
Slogan / mark	Serving Northern Maine / BAR
Shops / yard	Derby. Northern Maine Junction (Hermon)
Diesels (1963)	46
Cars (1963)	4,646 freight; 2 passenger
Last passenger train	Potatoland, September 4, 1961
Successors	Montreal, Maine & Atlantic (January 9, 2003). Central Maine & Quebec, 2014. Canadian Pacific, June 4, 2020. CPKC, April 14, 2023
Rosters	Steam (post-1900) · All-time diesel
Principal lines	Searsport–Derby–Fort Kent; Northern Maine Junction–Bangor; Oakfield–Presque Isle–Van Buren; Van Buren–St. Francis; Derby–Greenville; Brownville–Brownville Junction; branches to Limestone, Fort Fairfield, East Millinocket, Ashland

Jerry Angier and Herb Cleaves are the company narrative used throughout. 1930 mileage is the Official Guide route-mile figure. Peak plant follows Mike Schafer, More Classic American Railroads. Information compiled September 15, 2026.

Burleigh and the County

From 1870 to 1890 Aroostook potato production rose about sixty-fold, hauled out on long wagon roads and on other people’s railroads that charged for the privilege. Houlton’s Albert A. Burleigh figured the County could have its own line if it would put money behind the charter. George Mulherin, writing in 1900, recorded that the county was allowed to subscribe up to five percent of its valuation. The legislature followed the February 13 charter with enabling acts that spring. The projected main ran about 200 miles from Brownville north to Caribou, by Houlton, Island Falls, Oakfield, and Smyrna, with branches toward Fort Fairfield and Ashland.

Two older roads gave the new company a south end. The Bangor & Piscataquis, taken in 1892, and the Bangor & Katahdin Iron Works Railway together reached from Old Town to Brownville. Construction then went north. Track reached Houlton in December 1893. Regular trains began January 1, 1894. A year later, on January 1, 1895, service opened to Caribou, Presque Isle, and Fort Fairfield. The wilderness had a railroad. The potatoes had a way out that did not start with a sled.

How the map was built

Official 1928 system map of the Bangor and Aroostook Railroad

An official, 1928 system map of the Bangor & Aroostook. Author’s collection.

The 1890s and 1900s filled the County. Oakfield to Ashland opened in 1896. Caribou to Limestone, 1897. The main from Caribou to Van Buren, 1899. The Ashland Branch reached Fort Kent in 1902, the Fish River Railroad folded in. Rails up the Maine side of the St. John—Van Buren through Madawaska and Fort Kent to St. Francis—were in by 1910. Mapleton tied Stockholm, Presque Isle, and Squa Pan together. Millinocket already had Great Northern Paper; a short branch served a new mill at East Millinocket. The Medford Cutoff, Packard to South Lagrange, opened in 1907 and shortened the south end.

The last new BAR iron of consequence was international. The Van Buren Bridge Company put a span across the St. John to St. Leonard, New Brunswick, opened May 1, 1915. On the far side sat the National Transcontinental, later a Canadian National division, and a Canadian Pacific connection. From that day a BAR car could leave the County without a Maine Central haul to the border.

South of Brownville the map was older. The Bangor & Piscataquis and the Katahdin Iron Works road had already been absorbed. What the BAR still lacked was salt water of its own. That is the next section. The 1928 map on this page is the finished plant: Searsport to Fort Kent, the County branches, Derby, Northern Maine Junction, and the Van Buren bridge. Mike Schafer, in More Classic American Railroads, puts peak size at 858 miles. The 1930 Official Guide figure used in the glance table is 616 route-miles. The railroad never entered bankruptcy in the Depression. It did not need a trunk’s map. It needed the County, the mills, and a port.

Potatoes, paper, and the seaport

Franklin Cram, the BAR’s president in the early 1900s, wanted an ice-free port that was not the Maine Central’s. Great Northern Paper at Millinocket was already the largest customer and would stay that way for decades. In 1904 surveyors marked South Lagrange to Searsport. The Northern Maine Seaport Railroad was incorporated December 1, 1904, leased to the BAR on June 27, 1905, and opened that November—South Lagrange to Searsport and Cape Jellison on Penobscot Bay. A six-mile piece from Hermon into Bangor made the passenger and less-than-carload door. Hermon became Northern Maine Junction: the yard, the engine terminal, the place where Maine Central cars were handed across. Derby, up the line, was the shop town. Both names stayed on the railroad until the name itself died.

Potatoes moved in heated cars from 1895. After the Second World War they were still about half the freight revenue. A poor year was fewer than 40,000 carloads; some seasons topped 50,000. Paper, pulpwood, and inbound mill chemicals were the other half. Coal came in for the mills while they still burned it. In the world wars Searsport handled ammunition. In the Cold War the line fed Loring Air Force Base coal and jet fuel. Connections were Maine Central at Northern Maine Junction and Brownville, Canadian Pacific at Brownville Junction, Canadian National at Van Buren / St. Leonard. The BAR did not need Boston. It needed a dependable haul from the County to a port and to somebody else’s main.

Bangor and Aroostook BL2 50 and F3A 47 bring a train into Searsport Maine January 24 1960

Bangor & Aroostook BL2 #50 and F3A #47 bring their train into Searsport, Maine on January 24, 1960. Norton Clark photo.

Passenger trains

The BAR was never a passenger railroad in the New York Central sense. Most of the timetable was mixed trains and locals. Two named trains carried the flag: the afternoon Aroostook Flyer, Bangor to Van Buren, and the overnight Potatoland Special on the same line, with St. Francis stops on the morning run. After the war the company bought a little streamlining—American Flyer cars, a buffet-lounge, new coaches—and painted F3s and a pair of E7As blue and gray with a winged shield. It did not pretend the County would fill a fleet. The last Potatoland ran on September 4, 1961. The train encyclopedias are the Flyer and Potatoland pages. After that date the railroad was freight.

Diesels and the State of Maine cars

The BAR tested an Electro-Motive F3 in July 1946 and ordered its own the next year. F3As 500A–507A arrived October 1947 through May 1948; two of them carried steam generators and took the varnish on May 14, 1948. A pair of E7As, 700–701, followed in April 1949. Eight BL2s, 550–557, came in 1949—one of the larger blocks of a model almost nobody else wanted, and the locomotives that still mean BAR in photographs. GP7s and GP9s finished the first-generation roster. Steam was largely off by 1951, with winter potato extras bringing a few engines back until the mid-1950s. The class tables are the steam and diesel rosters. Derby kept F3s and BL2s running long after bigger roads had traded them.

Bangor and Aroostook F3A 44 and a BL2 switching at Caribou Maine with train 57 February 6 1970

Bangor & Aroostook F3A #44 and a BL2 perform switching chores at Caribou, Maine with the first section of train #57 on February 6, 1970. Roger Puta photo.

In 1950 the company built about 500 insulated refrigerator cars and painted them red, white, and blue with STATE OF MAINE PRODUCTS along the side. Potatoes needed a steady 40 degrees. The BAR, for a time, owned the second-largest railroad reefer fleet in the country after the Santa Fe. In the off months the cars went west; Pacific Fruit Express used BAR reefers on California produce while PFE cars came east for the potato season. Lionel put the scheme under Christmas trees. The cars made a Maine railroad famous in places that could not find Houlton on a map.

Bangor and Aroostook caboose C-97 rebuilt from a troop car at Northern Maine Junction Maine fall 1984

Bangor & Aroostook caboose C-97, rebuilt from a former troop car, at Northern Maine Junction, Maine in the fall of 1984. Don Jilson photo. American-Rails.com collection.

Bangor Punta, Dumaine, and the potato winter

Highways into the County, then Interstate 95, put trucks on the potato business in the 1960s. The Greenville Branch came up in 1962–64. In 1960 the railroad sat under a holding company; in 1964 that company merged with Punta Alegre Sugar as Bangor Punta, a conglomerate that wanted dividends more than reefers. On October 2, 1969 F. C. “Buck” Dumaine’s Amoskeag Company bought the BAR back out of Bangor Punta. The railroad no longer had to feed a conglomerate. It still had to deliver potatoes to the rest of the country.

That winter, 1969–70, Penn Central interchange collapsed. Cars sat. Heaters ran out of fuel. A large part of the 1969 Aroostook crop froze—Selkirk Yard on the Hudson was the name that stuck in Maine. Claims against Penn Central were still open when that company filed on June 21, 1970. Farms failed. The farms that survived did not come back to the railroad. Potatoes had been half the BAR. After that winter they were a memory, and paper had to carry a railroad built for both.

Bangor and Aroostook GP7 1776 Jeremiah O Brien in Bicentennial paint fresh from the shop

Bangor & Aroostook GP7 #1776 (built as #573) is seen here straight out of the paint shop and dressed up for the Bicentennial. The unit was named the “Jeremiah O’Brien,” a Patriot born in Kittery, Maine in 1744 who later became a captain in the Massachusetts State Navy. He was in command of the sloop “Unity” when he captured the British armed schooner HMS “Margaretta” in the Battle of Machias, the first naval engagement of the Revolutionary War.

Dumaine kept the company alive on paper, chemicals, and leased reefers. GP7 #573 wore 1776 and the name Jeremiah O’Brien for the Bicentennial, a Maine captain for a Maine railroad. The F3s and BL2s in the photographs on this page are that era: still lettered BAR, still switching Caribou and turning at Northern Maine Junction, a decade after the potatoes had gone to the highway.

Iron Road, MM&A, and Lac-Mégantic

Iron Road Railways bought the BAR on March 17, 1995. Mileage was down to 433. Iron Road added a former Canadian Pacific line through Brownville toward Montreal and roughly doubled the map. That extra iron was not BAR iron; it was the old International of Maine. Paper mills were no longer enough. After a failed recapitalization and a traffic drop on the Conrail split, Iron Road put the railroad into bankruptcy. Rail World, Inc.—Ed Burkhardt—took the property and started the Montreal, Maine & Atlantic on January 9, 2003. The BAR name stopped that day. The MM&A story, including the February 2010 plan to drop 233 miles of the old BAR between Madawaska and Millinocket, is that page.

On July 6, 2013 an MM&A crude-oil train ran away and burned downtown Lac-Mégantic, Quebec. More than forty people were killed. The MM&A was in bankruptcy by August. Railroad Acquisition Holdings, a Fortress Investment Group company, bought the assets on January 23, 2014 and started the Central Maine & Quebec that spring. Canadian Pacific closed on the CM&Q on June 4, 2020. CPKC began on April 14, 2023.

What remains

CPKC runs the former BAR south end: Searsport, Northern Maine Junction, Derby, Brownville, and the old CP International of Maine toward Montreal. That is a Class I in Maine, which the state did not have on its own rails for decades. Eastern Maine Railway / New Brunswick Southern still meets the map at Brownville Junction. North of Millinocket the old County main is a patchwork—state-saved pieces, abandoned pieces, a remnant toward Madawaska and the Van Buren bridge. Oakfield’s 1912 BAR depot is a museum. Cole Land Transportation Museum in Bangor has BL2 #557. The blue-and-gray F3s are gone from the turntable in the 1976 photograph. The name on the remaining trains is CPKC. The map they run is still Burleigh’s idea: a railroad in the County, and a way to the sea.

Sources

Angier, Jerry, and Herb Cleaves. Bangor and Aroostook. The company narrative: Burleigh, construction north from Brownville, Northern Maine Seaport, Van Buren Bridge, potatoes and paper, Bangor Punta, Dumaine
Mulherin, George. A Brief History of the Bangor and Aroostook Railroad. 1900. County subscription up to five percent of valuation; projected Brownville–Caribou line
Schafer, Mike. More Classic American Railroads. Osceola, Wis.: MBI. Peak plant 858 miles
Trains. “Bangor & Aroostook Railroad remembered.” NMSRR December 1, 1904 / lease June 27, 1905 / Searsport November 1905; Van Buren Bridge May 1, 1915; Greenville Branch 1962; Dumaine purchase from Bangor Punta October 2, 1969; Iron Road March 1995
American-Rails.com, Aroostook Flyer and Potatoland Special. Streamlined cars; last Potatoland September 4, 1961; F3 steam-generator passenger debut May 14, 1948
American-Rails.com, BAR steam and BAR diesel rosters. F3, BL2, GP7/GP9, E7 dates
American-Rails.com, Montreal, Maine & Atlantic. January 9, 2003 start; Madawaska–Millinocket abandonment plan February 2010; Lac-Mégantic July 6, 2013; Fortress / CM&Q 2014
American-Rails.com, Maine railroads and short-line notes. Canadian Pacific closed on Central Maine & Quebec June 4, 2020
American-Rails.com, CPKC. Operations began April 14, 2023

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