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Montana Railroads: Map, History, Abandoned Lines

Last revised: October 11, 2023

By: Adam Burns

Montana railroads are historically renowned for offering breathtaking open vistas and lots of grain and other agricultural-related train movements.

While Montana's official nickname is "The Treasure State" it is perhaps best known as Big Sky Country, and for good reason, with such open and beautiful panoramic scenery of the Northern Plains.

History

This nickname was quite appropriate when referring to the famous transcontinental streamliners that operated through the state touting its beauty as a way to lure folks into traveling by train.

Montana was once home to no less than three Seattle to Chicago main lines and the longest operated stretch of electrified railroad in the country. 

Even today, the Milwaukee Road is still fondly remembered in southern Montana and its loss lamented in the business sector. 

There is currently only one option to ship products between Chicago and the Pacific Northwest; BNSF Railway. 

Today, much has changed in terms of the state's rail network although Montana still sees plenty of railroad action with two operating Class I railroads, two regionals, and a handful of shortlines.

Photos

Montana's rail history dates back to 1878 when the Utah & Northern Railway took over the bankrupt Utah Northern Railroad.

This system was organized (in 1871) and funded by Mormon interests who were looking to construct their own line between Ogden, Utah and southern Idaho.

Poorly organized and managed, the railroad never reached its intended destination at which point it came under Union Pacific and Jay Gould control who reorganized it as the Utah & Northern Railway.

Under UP/Gould ownership, direction, and financial backing the railroad was completed to Butte, Montana by December 26, 1881 to tap the area's rich copper deposits around upgraded from narrow to standard gauge.

At its largest the Utah & Northern reached Deer Lodge, Montana by October 3, 1882, about thirty miles to the east of Butte.

The railroad remained independent for only a few years before it was swallowed up into Union Pacific's Oregon Short Line & Utah Northern Railway system in 1889.

This operation became part of UP's much larger Oregon Short Line Railroad in 1897, a subsidiary that controlled much of its parent's holdings west of Wyoming.

In any event, not long after the Utah & Northern began operations, the Northern Pacific and Great Northern would enter Montana in the late 19th century as they pushed towards the west coast.

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Abandoned Lines

The state of Montana has lost roughly 1,300 miles of network since the 1920s.  One abandonment stands out among all others here, Milwaukee Road's Pacific Extension.

The line was well known by railfans even during its many years of service thanks to its segment of electrified trackage.

Following the Milwaukee's 1977 bankruptcy and subsequent abandonment of Lines West from Terry, Montana to Puget Sound, the entirety of the main line in Montana was removed.

This constituted about 669 miles from Milepost 1080 (Terry) to Milepost 1749 (East Portal) at the Idaho border.  In addition, most of the railroad's Northern Montana Lines are also gone.

While a few segments remain, 315 miles of these agricultural branches and service to Great Falls is now gone. Finally, Milwaukee's branch to Yellowstone National Park, which ran 32 miles south of Three Forks to Gallatin Gateway is also gone.

In total, this mileage constitutes 1,016 miles of the 1,300 miles Montana has lost!  The other components largely comprise Great Northern and Northern Pacific branch lines. 

The abandonment of Northern Pacific's Homestake Pass route north of Butte is notable.  While not officially abandoned it has not been in service since 1983 and is unlikely to be reopened.

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Their main lines would eventually connect Minneapolis, Minnesota with Seattle, Washington; Portland, Oregon; and the entire Puget Sound region. The two would also stretch all of the way to Chicago via friendly connections with the Chicago, Burlington & Quincy.  

While the Chicago, Milwaukee, St. Paul & Pacific Railroad (the Milwaukee Road) was the last railroad to reach Montana, and eventually the Seattle/Puget Sound region as well, it would go on to become the most legendary.

Statistics

The Milwaukee decided that to stay competitive with the GN and NP it needed to likewise build a main line to the west coast, which it began at the beginning of the 20th century and completed by 1909.

By building its line so much later than its two competitors the Milwaukee had an overall lower maximum grade but it sacrificed online traffic for speed by skipping most large cities between Minneapolis and Seattle for the most direct route to the coast.  

While at first, when railroads were the primary mode of transportation, this setup likely cost the Milwaukee Road.

However, by the 1950s and 1960s the railroad industry had come to understand that its biggest strength was hauling freight over long distances and the Milwaukee's Pacific Extension not only was the fastest route between Chicago and Seattle, but the railroad also held a commanding 50+% of the traffic originating from the Puget Sound region!

After Milwaukee Road's "Lines West" (another term the western lines were known by) opened in 1909, over the next six years the railroad worked to electrify much of its Rocky Mountain and Coastal Divisions, which earned the railroad its legendary status.

The Milwaukee, while initially planning to electrify its main line entirely from Harlowton, Montana to Seattle, Washington (and the rest of its Puget Sound operations), it never completed a gap between Avery, Idaho and Othello, Washington.

In total, however, the Milwaukee would operate roughly 660 miles of electrified and railroad. While the lack of online traffic hurt the Milwaukee early on this direct route was a force to be reckoned with when the piggyback revolution (i.e., truck trailers fixed directly to railroad flat cars) caught on in the 1950s and 1960s  (with named freight trains like the XL Special and Thunderhawk). 

Because of its clear advantage of a direct route between Chicago and Seattle it soon dominated the market in the West.

Unfortunately, the Milwaukee would suffer from very poor management during the late 1960s and into the 1970s resulting in the railroad abandoning its western lines throughout much of Montana and all of Idaho and Washington by 1980.

What was left of the railroad as sold to the Soo Line in 1985.  Today, Montana may no longer feature the Milwaukee Road's Pacific Extension but Big Sky Country continues to see plenty of action with Class I railroads BNSF and Union Pacific operating trackage within the state (although BNSF operates the majority).

State Mileage Chart

First Railroad

* Montana's first railroad was the above-mentioned Utah & Northern Railway, which completed 125 miles from the Idaho state line to Butte in late 1881.  In total, the system stretched south to Ogden, Utah.

Current Railroads

• BNSF Railway


• Union Pacific


• Dakota, Missouri Valley & Western


• Butte, Anaconda & Pacific Railway


• Central Montana Rail


• Mission Mountain Railroad


• Yellowstone Valley Railroad

Today, Montana's railroad network consists of just under 3,300 miles. However, during the state's heyday with trains it boasted an infrastructure consisting of nearly 5,100 miles. Interestingly, despite the fact that Montana lost one its largest railroads (whose trackage in the state was almost entirely ripped up) it still retains 64% of its infrastructure. 

State Map

With a loss of just 36%, this is actually well under the 45%-50% average experience by most other states since the 1920s. In any event, for more information about Montana railroads, in terms of route mileage over the years please refer to the chart above.  

And, while Montana may also not feature trains like the North Coast Limited and Olympian Hiawatha, the Empire Builder remains under the Amtrak banner, continuing to operate over much of the same territory as it always has with eleven different stops throughout Montana.

To learn more about the classic streamliners which once served Montana please click here. From both an emotional and economic standpoint, the loss of the Milwaukee's main line in Montana was very hard on the cities and towns the railroad had operated through.

Museums and Attractions

However, several museums are now open in the state keeping alive the railroad's history as well as others like the Great Northern Railway and Northern Pacific Railway.

Some of these include the Charlie Russell Chew-Choo, Historical Museum at Fort Missoula and the Montana Heritage Commission. 

All in all, while Montana may no longer feature electrified main line freight trains or numerous famous passenger trains it does offer a unique blend of Class I and shortline railroads as well as gorgeous scenery all around.

So, a trip to the Treasure State, as its name implies, should be a memory-making experience!