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B&O's 2-10-2 "Big Six" Locomotives: Specs, Roster, History

Last revised: November 2, 2024

By: Adam Burns

The Baltimore & Ohio's fleet of Class S-1 2-10-2s were often referred to as "Santa Fe's" on most other lines, named after the railroad which first employed the wheel arrangement during the early 20th century.  

However, on the B&O they were known as "Big Sixes" because of their incredible size and 6000 numbering series.  

Most disliked the design in standard road service since they had counterbalancing issues.  However, some, like the B&O and Santa Fe, found the locomotive more than sufficient, rostering more than 100 examples each.  

The B&O normally assigned its fleet in heavy drag service along its West End main line.  The railroad acquired its first 2-10-2s prior to World War I and with the coming of the diesel all were gone before 1960.

Before steam came to a close, numerous large wheel arrangements could be found all across Baltimore & Ohio's system, from the 0-8-8-0 and 2-8-8-0 to the 2-6-6-2 and 2-8-8-4. 

However, none were as common in heavy drag service as the Big Six, a locomotive which worked the West End's stiff grades daily.  Photographers like Bob Collins, Bill Price, and others caught the 2-10-2's often during the 1950's.

Photos

One of the Baltimore & Ohio's big 2-10-2 "Big Sixes" steams eastbound towards the railroad's shop complex at Cumberland, Maryland along the North Branch of the Potomac River with a massive Bethlehem Steel beam during a fall day in the 1950s. American-Rails.com collection.

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History

The 2-10-2 wheel arrangement was first tested by the Santa Fe (hence its name) in 1903 when it requested a small batch of 2-10-0s be fitted with a trailing axle to enable back up moves when operating in pusher service over Raton Pass. 

Soon, 2-10-2s built from the ground up were being ordered not only by the Santa Fe (which would roster more than 330) but also other railroads, which found its ten drivers and high tractive effort very appealing.  

Unfortunately, it ran into some counterbalancing issues as according to SteamLocomotive.com there, "...was not enough room for counter weights on the relatively small driving wheels," an issue that was corrected in the later 2-10-4.  Interestingly, despite this problem more than 2,000 were ultimately built for dozens of major railroads.

Diagram

Implementation

It was the Baltimore & Ohio's, however, that are often considered the very best 2-10-2s ever built; they were fast, powerful, reliable, and the railroad loved them. 

Its first batch of Big Sixes arrived in 1914, manufactured by the Baldwin Locomotive Works numbered 6000-6030 and given Class S.  

These sported the smallest drivers of any the B&O owned at just 58 inches.  While this caused the locomotives to operate at slow speeds it provided more than 2,000 pounds of additional tractive effort (compared to later examples the railroad acquired) and one could regularly find the Class S's in heavy drag service. 

A decade later the railroad went back to Baldwin for additional Big Sixes, purchasing 50 more that were designated as Class S-1 and numbered 6100-6149, which arrived between 1923 and 1924.

A Baltimore & Ohio 2-10-2 "Big Six" works a string of empty coal hoppers westbound over Sand Patch during the 1950s. A.C. Kalmbach photo. American-Rails.com collection.

This batch was part of an order that spanned 125 units in all, acquired through 1926; Class S-1's 6150-6174 were built by the Lima Locomotive Works (1923-1924), Class S-1a's numbered 6175-6199 also came from Lima in 1926, while the final S-1a's in 1926 numbered 6200-6224 were additional Baldwin products.  It is these final 125 Big Sixes that are so often heralded as the best ever built.  

The Class S-1's and S-1a's corrected some issues over the earlier Class S's that enabled more efficient operations such as increasing the drivers to 64 inches (allowing the locomotive's to operate much faster and at speeds over 30 mph they were the fastest 2-10-2s ever built) and the addition of more weight to the locomotives gave them a better factor of adhesion.  

The S-1/a's also were equipped with a larger firebox and a wheelbase of nearly 90 feet (more than 14 feet longer than the original class).

Specifications

S

Builder
Baldwin Locomotive Works
Class
S
Date Built
4/1914 - 11/1914
Wheelbase (Engine)
40 Feet, 3 Inches
Wheelbase (Engine & Tender)
76 Feet, 5 13/16 Inches
Length (End-Of-Couplers)
87 Feet, 3 11/16 Inches
Height (Top-of-Rail to Top-of-Stack)
15 Feet, 5 ¾ Inches
Engine Weight
410,200 Lbs
Tender Weight
186,110 Lbs
Total Weight
596,310 Lbs
Weight on Drivers
332,400 Lbs
Tender Fuel Capacity
18.5 Tons
Tender Water Capacity
9,700 Gallons
Driver Diameter
56 Inches
Valve Gear
Walschaert
Driver Brake
American
Boiler Pressure
205 psi
High Pressure Cylinders (Diameter x Stroke)
30" x 32"
Maximum Tractive Effort
86,500 Lbs
Heating Surface/Superheating
1,308 Square Feet

S-1, S-1a

Builder
Baldwin Locomotive Works, Lima Locomotive Works
Class
S-1, S-1a
Date Built
S-1 (1923-1924)
Date Built
S-1a (1926)
Wheelbase (Engine)
42 Feet, 11 Inches
Wheelbase (Engine & Tender)
89 Feet, 10 7/8 Inches
Length (End-Of-Couplers)
101 Feet, 3 3/8 Inches
Height (Top-of-Rail to Top-of-Stack)
15 Feet, 5 3/8 Inches
Engine Weight
436,510 Lbs
Tender Weight
298,400 Lbs
Total Weight
734,910 Lbs
Weight on Drivers
347,230 Lbs
Tender Fuel Capacity
23 Tons
Tender Water Capacity
15,800 Gallons
Driver Diameter
64 Inches
Valve Gear
Baker
Driver Brake
American
Boiler Pressure
220 psi
High Pressure Cylinders (Diameter x Stroke)
30" x 32"
Maximum Tractive Effort
84,300 Lbs
Heating Surface/Superheating
1,512 Square Feet
295827834235278358936803097.jpgA Baltimore & Ohio 2-10-2 "Big Six" works a westbound freight upgrade over Sand Patch near Manila, Pennsylvania in the spring of 1955. American-Rails.com collection.

Of note were three 2-10-2s that were either slightly rebuilt or modified by the B&O over the years; according to David Mainey in his book "Baltimore & Ohio Steam In Color "...had a cast steel engine bed, light weight pistons, rods, and crossheads and cosmetic changes such as the placement of the air pumps on the pilot deck and centering of the headlight on the smoke box."  

Due to this variation the B&O listed it as a Class S-1b.  Additionally, #6105 and #6168 had similar changes as #6222 and both were listed as Class S-1c.  In service the Big Sixes put on quite a show along the West End where they were normally assigned most of the time.  

Mr. Mainey's book, for instance, offers some incredible color photography of these beasts working hard in helper service shoving freights up the stiff 2%+ grades over Sand Patch at locations such as Manila, Mance, and passing SA Tower at Sand Patch, Pennsylvania.

Roster

S

Class Builder Road Numbers Serial Numbers Date Built
SBaldwin6000-603041309, 41631-41632, 41644-41645, 41663, 41681-41683, 41701-41705, 41711-41717, 41757-41761, 41792-41794, 41799-418004/1914 - 11/1914

S-1

Road Number 1956 Renumbering Serial Number Builder Date Built
6100-57214Baldwin10/1923
6101-57215Baldwin10/1923
6102-57216Baldwin10/1923
6103-57232Baldwin10/1923
6104-57330Baldwin10/1923
610550057331Baldwin10/1923
610650157332Baldwin10/1923
6107-57333Baldwin10/1923
6108-57334Baldwin10/1923
6109-57335Baldwin10/1923
6110-57336Baldwin10/1923
6111-57337Baldwin10/1923
6112-57338Baldwin10/1923
611350257439Baldwin11/1923
611450357440Baldwin11/1923
611550457447Baldwin11/1923
6116-57448Baldwin11/1923
611750557449Baldwin11/1923
6118-57450Baldwin11/1923
611950657451Baldwin11/1923
612050757452Baldwin11/1923
6121-57453Baldwin11/1923
612250857454Baldwin11/1923
6123-57455Baldwin11/1923
6124-57456Baldwin11/1923
6125-57457Baldwin11/1923
6126-57458Baldwin11/1923
6127-57459Baldwin11/1923
6128-57460Baldwin11/1923
6129-57461Baldwin11/1923
6130-57460Baldwin11/1923
613150957463Baldwin11/1923
613251057464Baldwin11/1923
6133-57465Baldwin11/1923
613451157466Baldwin11/1923
6135-57467Baldwin11/1923
6136-57468Baldwin11/1923
613751257469Baldwin11/1923
6138-57470Baldwin11/1923
6139-57471Baldwin11/1923
6140-57569Baldwin12/1923
6141-57570Baldwin12/1923
6142-57571Baldwin12/1923
6143-57572Baldwin12/1923
6144-57573Baldwin12/1923
614551457574Baldwin12/1923
6146-57575Baldwin12/1923
614751557576Baldwin12/1923
6148-57594Baldwin1/1924
6149-57595Baldwin1/1924
61505166700Lima3/1924
6151-6701Lima3/1924
61525176702Lima3/1924
6153-6703Lima3/1924
6154-6704Lima3/1924
6155-6705Lima3/1924
6156-6706Lima3/1924
61575186707Lima3/1924
61595196709Lima4/1924
6160-6710Lima4/1924
6161-6711Lima4/1924
6162-6712Lima4/1924
6163-6713Lima4/1924
6164-6714Lima4/1924
6165-6715Lima4/1924
6166-6716Lima4/1924
6167-6717Lima4/1924
61685206718Lima4/1924
6169-6719Lima4/1924
6170-6720Lima4/1924
6171-6721Lima4/1924
61725216722Lima4/1924
6173-6723Lima4/1924
61745226724Lima4/1924

S-1a

Road Number 1956 Renumbering Serial Number Builder Date Built
61755237060Lima5/1926
6176-7051Lima5/1926
61775247052Lima5/1926
61785257053Lima5/1926
6179-7054Lima5/1926
6180-7055Lima5/1926
6181-7056Lima5/1926
6182-7057Lima5/1926
6183-7058Lima5/1926
6184-7059Lima5/1926
61855267060Lima5/1926
6186-7061Lima5/1926
61875277062Lima5/1926
6188-7063Lima5/1926
6189-7064Lima5/1926
61905287065Lima5/1926
6191-7066Lima7/1926
6192-7067Lima7/1926
6193-7068Lima7/1926
6194-7069Lima7/1926
6195-7070Lima7/1926
6196-7071Lima7/1926
61975297072Lima7/1926
6198-7073Lima7/1926
61995307074Lima7/1926
620053159062Baldwin3/1926
620153259063Baldwin3/1926
620253359064Baldwin3/1926
6203-59114Baldwin4/1926
6204-59115Baldwin4/1926
6205-59116Baldwin4/1926
6206-59117Baldwin4/1926
620753459118Baldwin4/1926
620853559119Baldwin4/1926
6209-59120Baldwin4/1926
6210-59121Baldwin4/1926
6211-59178Baldwin5/1926
6212-59179Baldwin5/1926
6213-59180Baldwin5/1926
6214-59181Baldwin5/1926
6215-59182Baldwin5/1926
6216-59183Baldwin5/1926
621753659184Baldwin5/1926
6218-59185Baldwin5/1926
621953759186Baldwin5/1926
6220-59228Baldwin5/1926
6221-59229Baldwin5/1926
622253859230Baldwin5/1926
6223-59231Baldwin5/1926
6224-59232Baldwin5/1926
197242173257827893629896677.jpgBaltimore & Ohio 2-10-2 "Big Six" #6112 (S-1) is seen here entering the Cumberland Narrows (Maryland) as it heads westbound, circa 1950s.

Retirement

The Baltimore & Ohio's original Big Sixes were early victims of retirement; two were dismantled in 1925 to construct new 4-8-2 Mountains and fifteen others were scrapped in 1938.  Most were gone by the mid-1950s.  The Class S-1's could still be found working heavy freights until virtually the end of the B&O's steam era.  

As diesels gradually replaced steam on the railroad's fabled mountain grades in the east (most were gone from this region by 1956) the Big Sixes were sent west to work in drag service along the relatively flat Toledo, Akron, and Chicago Divisions during their final few years where those remaining could be found at the terminal in Willard, Ohio. 

Finally, all were pulled from service by 1959 and scrapped.  Normally, the B&O was very astute to preserve its history.  However, by the late 1950s the railroad was having serious financial issues, which most likely explains why no Big Sixes were saved for preservation.

9283789689089905689068905.jpgOne of the Baltimore & Ohio's powerful 2-10-2 "Big Sixes," #6142 (S-1), climbs Sand Patch at Manila, Pennsylvania on May 25, 1956. Photographer unknown.

Sources

  • Edson, William D. Steam Locomotives Of The Baltimore & Ohio: An All-Time Roster.  Potomac: William D. Edson, 1992.
  • Mainey, David. Baltimore & Ohio Steam In Color. Scotch Plains: Morning Sun Books, 2001.
  • Reynolds, Kirk and Oroszi, David. Baltimore & Ohio Railroad. Osceola: MBI Publishing, 2000.
  • Schafer, Mike. Classic American Railroads. Osceola: MBI Publishing, 1996.

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    The Soo Line, from the flour millers' railroad around Chicago to the Sault, the Wisconsin Central, and the Milwaukee Road. Steam quantity 422. Diesels 786. Canadian Pacific took full control in 1990.

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  42. Minneapolis, Northfield and Southern Railway: Map, History, Rosters

    Oct 27, 26 10:32 AM

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    The Minneapolis, Northfield & Southern, the Dan Patch Line that became a Twin Cities belt. Steam, gas-electric mules, motor cars, and the 22 diesels, through the Soo Line.

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  43. Minneapolis & St. Louis Diesel Roster (All-Time)

    Oct 27, 26 10:27 AM

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    All-time diesel roster of the Minneapolis & St. Louis. 97 locomotives, each frame once. Switchers from 1938, 35 RS-1s, the FT and F-unit cabs, two SD7s, and 23 GP9s. Builder numbers included.

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  44. Minneapolis & St. Louis Steam Roster (Post 1900)

    Oct 27, 26 10:25 AM

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    Minneapolis & St. Louis steam locomotives built since 1900. Moguls, Consolidations, 35 Mikados, and five Pacifics.

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  45. Minneapolis and St Louis Railway: "The Peoria Gateway"

    Oct 27, 26 09:52 AM

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    The Minneapolis & St. Louis, the Tootin' Louie, from the 1870 charter to the Peoria Gateway and the Chicago & North Western sale on November 1, 1960.

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  46. Alco "PA" Locomotives: Restoration, Specs, Engine, Rosters

    Oct 27, 26 12:12 AM

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    Alco's PA passenger cab, 297 locomotives built from 1946 to 1953. The 244 engine, the production roster, the Delaware & Hudson PA-4s, and Nickel Plate Road 190.

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  47. Milwaukee Road Diesel Roster: (All Time)

    Oct 26, 26 01:44 PM

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    All-time diesel roster of the Milwaukee Road. 1,208 locomotives, each frame once. Alco, Baldwin, Davenport, EMD, Fairbanks-Morse, General Electric, and Whitcomb, with builder numbers.

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  48. Milwaukee Road Steam Roster (All-Time): Post-1900

    Oct 26, 26 01:38 PM

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    Milwaukee Road steam locomotives built since 1900. Prairies, Mikados, the N-class articulateds, the S-class 4-8-4s, and the Hiawatha Atlantics and Hudsons. Quantity column 1,974. Unique frames 1,951.

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  49. Milwaukee Road: Map, Electrification, Logo, History

    Oct 26, 26 01:20 PM

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    The Milwaukee Road, from the Milwaukee & Mississippi of 1850 to the Pacific Coast Extension, the Hiawathas, and the Soo Line sale. Why Lines West should have stayed.

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  50. Lake Superior & Ishpeming Railroad: Map, Roster, History

    Oct 25, 26 11:38 PM

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    Lake Superior & Ishpeming Railroad, reporting mark LSI, from the Marquette Range to the Presque Isle ore dock. The 1954 steam list and the diesels the railroad owned.

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