1. Home
  2.  ›
  3. Fallen Flags
  4.  ›
  5. Spokane International

Spokane International Railroad: Map, History, Photos

Last revised: August 23, 2024

By: Adam Burns

The Spokane International Railroad was a small, Class I, system that served its namesake town as well as most of Idaho's northern panhandle before terminating in extreme southern British Columbia along a route that was roughly 150 miles in length.

Due to its remote nature in the upper Pacific Northwest it is often forgotten among the ranks of the classic fallen flag systems.

The SI was funded and built (although not owned) thanks to the Canadian Pacific, which had an interest in the route itself as a means of tapping into the growing Puget Sound traffic base, then controlled by the Northern Pacific and soon after, Great Northern. 

Eventually, the system was wrestled away from CP by Union Pacific in the late 1950s. Officially, the SI remained on paper for roughly another 30 years before being dissolved. Today, the entire SI main line remains in use by UP as a strategic connection with CP.

Photos

198241872472835783872689289689347897.jpgA pair of Spokane International RS1s, led by #204, are seen here at work in Sandpoint, Idaho while Great Northern's "Western Star" can be seen on the adjacent track on October 30, 1954. Photographer unknown. American-Rails.com collection.

History

The Spokane International Railroad (SI) was the idea of Daniel Chase (DC) Corbin in the late 1880s with financial assistance from Canadian Pacific. The CP was already established across most of Canada from Ontario to British Columbia.

Additionally, it had recently taken control of the Minneapolis, St. Paul & Sault Ste. Marie Railway (the Soo Line) to access the Midwest. Since 1883 the Northern Pacific had been operating from Portland, Oregon to the Twin Cities of Minnesota and with the prospect of two more lines building transcontinental extensions to the Puget Sound (Great Northern, which was already under construction, and the Chicago, Milwaukee & St. Paul) CP wanted in on the traffic potential the region offered.

In sort of a roundabout fashion, it planned to use its Soo subsidiary to funnel traffic from Chicago and onto its main line at Manitoba and then transfer freight onto the SI.

At A Glance

Headquarters
Spokane, Washington
States Served
Washington and Idaho
Dates Of Operation
November 1, 1906 - 1958
Charter Date
1887
Route Miles
164 (1930)
Track Gauge
4 Feet, 8 ½ Inches
Principal Lines

Spokane, Washington - Sandpoint, Idaho - Eastport, Idaho

Coeur d'Alene Junction - Coeur d'Alene

Corbin Junction, Idaho - Bayview, Idaho

Reporting Mark
SI
Successor
Union Pacific

From this point it could interchange traffic with what would turn out to be four different major Class Is at five different locations; Spokane (Milwaukee Road after 1909, Great Northern, Northern Pacific, and Union Pacific), Sand Point (CMStP&P and NP), Bonners Ferry (GN), and Coeur D'Alene (CMStP&P/GN).

02934276263462537835983693897784.jpgSpokane International RS1s, #204 and #205, have a coal train at Shiloh, Idaho as another freight waits in the siding on July 12, 1953. Photographer unknown. American-Rails.com collection.

Construction

The Spokane International Railway was chartered as early as 1887. However, actual construction did not begin until a few years later.

Officially, the SI was opened on November 1, 1906 connecting with the CP at the international border of Eastport, Idaho/Kingsgate, British Columbia with Spokane, Washington to the south, a distance of 140.8 miles according  to the railroad's timetable (it later used CP trackage rights to reach Yahk, B.C. just north of the border).

With its own U.S.-transcontinental route now opened CP not only moved to derive the freight benefits but also the passenger potential as well.

Even subsidiary Soo Line was anticipating this potential decrying the SI as "The New Scenic Short Line" by the summer of 1907.

90812347237462352893592038347863897.jpgA pair of sharp Spokane International RS1s, #201 and #206, appear to be tied down in Bonners Ferry, Idaho on December 15, 1954. Photographer unknown. American-Rails.com collection.

Operation

That same year the SI, Soo, and CP launched the Soo-Spokane Train DeLuxe which offered passengers first-class accommodations including day coaches, tourist sleeping cars, diners, Pullman sleepers, compartment cars, and buffet-library observations.

While the train ran a longer schedule and only connected the Twin Cities to Spokane its level of comfort and luxuriousness was nearly unmatched (for the early 1900s it even boasted full electric lighting and all-vestibuled cars).

Traffic on the SI continued to grow through the first two decades of the 20th century and by 1918 it had gained Class I status by earning more than $1 million annually. A year earlier the CP exercised its option to purchase 50% controlling interest in the line.

The Spokane International Railroad logo. Author's work.

It likely would have acquired more of the SI if it was not for Union Pacific's move to acquire the other half at the same time, which it would never relinquish. The railroad continued to hum along through the World War I conflict and the "Roarin' 20s."

However, it was hit hard by the Great Depression of 1929 and its lingering effects on the U.S. economy. By 1933 things were looking dire and that year the SI filed for bankruptcy. In 1941 the company was finally able to exit receivership as the Spokane International Railroad, which eliminated the CP's ownership and resulted in the line being a wholly-U.S. route only.

Traffic for the railroad continued to grow through the 1940s, particularly during the second World War, so much so that by late that decade its 2-8-0 Consolidations and 4-6-0 Ten Wheelers could no longer keep up with demand.

System Map and Timetable (1940)

While the WWII traffic boom allowed the SI to regain Class I status it was still not being operated efficiently. In 1949 this changed under new leadership by Fred Rummel, as the SI purchased 12 new American Locomotive Company (Alco) RS1 road-switchers, sticking with the same company which had built its steam locomotives.

09123482347237425872689389430798.jpgSpokane International RS1s #201 and #204 are seen here in freight service at Bonners Ferry, Idaho on May 1, 1954. Photographer unknown. American-Rails.com collection.

Rummel was able to accomplish several other tasks at the helm, which turned the railroad into an incredibly well-run operation that lured Union Pacific into purchasing full ownership of the line.

Starting at the same time he purchased the new Alcos, the railroad was upgraded with new creosote ties (before this it was still using untreated ties that dated to the route's construction) and 90-pound rail (up from 72-pound).

Diesel Locomotive Roster

Builder Model Type Road Number Notes Quantity
AlcoRS1200-211Acquired new: 1949-195112

(Thanks to Trains Magazine's "Union Pacific To Canada?" from the June, 1956 issue as a primary reference for this article.)

2060294861523151y1u1j106091097.jpgSpokane International RS1 #208 carries out switching chores in Spokane, Washington in 1958. American-Rails.com collection.

Union Pacific

Additionally, a new bridge was constructed over the Pend Oreille River near Sandpoint and the railroad dropped all passenger services after 1954.  

As a result of these efforts the company's operating ratio dropped from 87.25% in 1949 to a staggering 52.55% by 1955! In 1958 Union Pacific purchased the rest of the SI ending the 82-year history of the company.

By the early 1960s its classic red and gold RS1s were repainted into UP Armour yellow, although sub-lettered for the SI.

Officially the company ceased to exist on December 31, 1987 when UP formally dissolved the SI. Today, its route remains an important part of the Union Pacific system that still connects with the Canadian Pacific at Sand Point/Kingsgate.

Recent Articles

  1. Kansas City Southern Steam Roster (Built Since 1900)

    Oct 25, 26 09:09 PM

    1857727592700776822.jpg
    Steam locomotives of the Kansas City Southern built since 1900, with the Louisiana & Arkansas and the Texas company.

    Read More

  2. Kansas City Southern Diesel Roster (Built New)

    Oct 25, 26 11:46 AM

    926923095283762682979037038430290.jpg
    All-time diesel roster of the Kansas City Southern. E units, F units, Geeps, SD40s through SD70ACes, Fairbanks-Morse, Baldwin, Alco, and General Electric, with serials and order numbers.

    Read More

  3. Kansas City Southern Railway: Map, Photos, History

    Oct 25, 26 12:24 AM

    kcs-e8-27-sb.jpg
    The Kansas City Southern, from Arthur Stilwell's Gulf line to Canadian Pacific Kansas City on April 14, 2023. Steam and diesel rosters, the Southern Belle, and the Louisiana & Arkansas.

    Read More

  4. Indiana Harbor Belt Diesel Roster (All-Time)

    Oct 25, 26 12:17 AM

    8877SW7CHC.jpg
    All-time diesel roster of the Indiana Harbor Belt. 202 locomotive frames, each counted once. NW2s, SW7s, SW1500s, road switchers, and gensets. Slugs and boosters are outside the count.

    Read More

  5. Indiana Harbor Belt Steam Roster (Built Since 1900)

    Oct 25, 26 12:13 AM

    ihb-282-241.jpg
    Steam locomotives of the Indiana Harbor Belt built since 1900. 182 engines, each counted once. 0-6-0s, 2-6-0s, 0-8-0s, and 2-8-2s. The three U-4a switchers are three-cylinder Brooks engines of 1927.

    Read More

  6. Indiana Harbor Belt Railroad: Map, Rosters, History

    Oct 25, 26 12:00 AM

    40096857uwsvnt5y10599675701091.jpg
    Indiana Harbor Belt, the inner belt across the Calumet, from the East Chicago Belt of May 16, 1896. Renamed June 29, 1907. Still operating, headquarters Hammond. Steam roster is the companion, 182 loc…

    Read More

  7. NYC's "P Motor" Electric Locomotives

    Oct 24, 26 11:43 PM

    76543326578674543ewew34456yt556656.jpg
    New York Central P motors: 22 Alco-GE 2-C+C-2 electrics, Cleveland Union Terminal 1050–1071, class P-1a. 3,030 hp one-hour on 3,000-volt DC catenary, then 660-volt third rail as P-2a and P-2b.

    Read More

  8. Illinois Terminal Car Roster

    Oct 24, 26 11:40 PM

    7980090186552327y97070849905.jpg
    Illinois Terminal cars. Mainline motors, the 1948 streamliners, sleepers, Alton and Valley Division cars, express motors, and the line cars rebuilt from pull cars.

    Read More

  9. Illinois Terminal Diesel Roster

    Oct 24, 26 09:31 PM

    ncue38nucnk.jpg
    All-time Illinois Terminal diesels, 62 frames. Alco S-2s and RS-1s, EMD switchers, GP7s, SD39s, GP38-2s, and the two GP20s. Serial numbers from the 1989 roster.

    Read More

  10. Illinois Terminal Electric Locomotives

    Oct 24, 26 08:22 PM

    78941987667176571986270569.jpg
    Illinois Terminal electric locomotives, 57 frames. Class A through Class D, the Decatur-built motors, and the battery locomotives. Class D is the same five Class C frames, rebuilt.

    Read More

  11. Illinois Terminal Steam Roster

    Oct 24, 26 07:37 PM

    609127416241y51i5791806097.jpg
    Illinois Terminal steam locomotives, 36 frames. Baldwin Moguls, three Class 30 Mikados, Florida East Coast 0-8-0s, and 2-6-0 No. 21, the last fire on June 30, 1950.

    Read More

  12. Illinois Terminal Railroad: Map, Roster, Photos, History

    Oct 24, 26 07:32 PM

    6791928312571759020682472635y158927289879.jpg
    Illinois Terminal, McKinley's Illinois Traction System, from the Danville coal towns to St. Louis. The McKinley Bridge, the sleeping cars, the 1937 break with the power company, the 1948 streamliners…

    Read More

  13. Southern Railway Diesel Roster (All-Time)

    Oct 23, 26 11:00 PM

    61901823483576123h1h19801867010787.jpg
    All-time diesel roster of the Southern Railway. 2,505 locomotives in the system number series, from the 1939 demonstrator FT to GP50s and B30-7A1s. Serials included.

    Read More

  14. Illinois Central Diesel Roster (All-Time)

    Oct 23, 26 04:06 PM

    1909987655235657656.jpg
    Illinois Central and Illinois Central Gulf diesel locomotives, each frame once. The quantity column is 886. Serials and order numbers from Electro-Motive's builder lists. Paducah rebuilds and Gulf, Mo…

    Read More

  15. Illinois Central Gulf Diesel Roster

    Oct 23, 26 04:02 PM

    icg-sd40a-6007.jpg
    Illinois Central Gulf operating numbers from August 10, 1972, to February 29, 1988. New frames stay on the Illinois Central diesel roster. Gulf, Mobile and Ohio frames stay on that roster. No Gulf fle…

    Read More

  16. Illinois Central Railroad: Map, Logo, History

    Oct 23, 26 03:50 PM

    1969186871261hi68701808.jpg
    Illinois Central, the Main Line of Mid-America, from the 1850 land grant to Canadian National control on July 1, 1999. Charter lines, Cairo bridge, Paducah, and the Illinois Central Gulf. Steam quanti…

    Read More

  17. Grand Trunk Western Diesel Roster (All-Time)

    Oct 23, 26 12:53 PM

    68020whyt571890391u175901095.jpg
    Grand Trunk Western diesel locomotives, each frame once. The quantity column is 377. Serials are filled for the Detroit, Toledo and Ironton and Detroit and Toledo Shore Line engines the railroad kept…

    Read More

  18. Grand Trunk Western Steam Roster

    Oct 23, 26 12:14 PM

    7900203942734623y42tu57926803970.jpg
    Grand Trunk Western steam locomotives in service about 1937 to 1942, from Richard Leonard's class list. Drury has no chapter. The quantity column is the counted Grand Trunk Western rows. Two mixed Gra…

    Read More

  19. Grand Trunk Western Railroad: Map, Roster, History

    Oct 23, 26 12:09 PM

    7009282576526652829938779982607809.jpg
    Grand Trunk Western, reporting mark GTW, Canadian National's railroad between Port Huron and Chicago. Trade name adopted in 1923. Steam class list quantity 232. Diesel quantity column 377. Identity in…

    Read More

  20. Green Bay and Western Railroad: Map, Rosters, History

    Oct 22, 26 11:18 PM

    1297419741268572835982689893987898.jpg
    Green Bay & Western, the Green Bay Route, reporting mark GBW. From Kewaunee to Winona. Mailer's steam and diesel rosters, and the August 1993 sale to Fox Valley & Western.

    Read More

  21. Chicago & North Western Class E-4: Streamlined 4-6-4 Hudsons

    Oct 22, 26 10:28 PM

    9175461817917616451857298692698327.jpg
    C&NW Class E-4, nine streamlined 4-6-4s, 4001–4009, Alco 1938. 84-inch drivers, 25-by-29 cylinders, 300 psi. Conventional Chicago–Omaha trains. Oil in 1947–48. Retired 1953–1956.

    Read More

  22. Gateway Western Railway: Map, Roster, History

    Oct 22, 26 02:43 PM

    20304928371623651j1k2ou60279-8.jpg
    Gateway Western Railway, reporting mark GWWR. Class II from Kansas City to East St. Louis. Kansas City Southern control May 5, 1997. The 1992 diesel fleet, with serials and order numbers.

    Read More

  23. Duluth, Winnipeg & Pacific Railway: Roster, Map, History

    Oct 22, 26 01:51 PM

    25062608987501993156.jpg
    Duluth, Winnipeg & Pacific, the Peg, reporting mark DWP. From the Rainy River to Duluth. CNRHA steam list 36. Fifteen RS-11s. Merged into Wisconsin Central Ltd. on December 31, 2011.

    Read More

  24. Elgin, Joliet and Eastern Diesel Roster (All-Time)

    Oct 22, 26 01:35 PM

    203841287426835726589346890390790.jpg
    All-time diesel roster of the Elgin, Joliet and Eastern.

    Read More

  25. Elgin, Joliet and Eastern Steam Roster

    Oct 22, 26 01:25 PM

    eje-282-765.jpg
    Elgin, Joliet and Eastern steam locomotives of the final decade, which largely comprised switcher types, 2-8-0s, and a large fleet of Mikados.

    Read More

  26. Elgin, Joliet and Eastern Railway: Map, Roster, History

    Oct 22, 26 12:32 PM

    eje-660-rondout.jpg
    Elgin, Joliet & Eastern, the outer arc around Chicago, from the Joliet, Aurora & Northern of April 30, 1884. Illinois company March 18, 1887. Merged December 4, 1888. Principal lines sold Janu…

    Read More

  27. Denver and Salt Lake Railway: History, Roster, Timetable

    Oct 22, 26 09:47 AM

    dsl-282-403.jpg
    Denver & Salt Lake, the Moffat Road, from Denver to Craig. Tunnel opened February 26, 1928. Dotsero Cutoff dedicated June 16, 1934. Merged April 11, 1947. Steam locomotives 59.

    Read More

  28. Duluth, Missabe and Iron Range Diesel Roster (All-Time)

    Oct 22, 26 09:43 AM

    3050867100938571389398761.jpg
    All-time diesel roster of the Duluth, Missabe and Iron Range. 148 owned frames, each counted once. SW9s, SD9s, SD18s, SD38s, RSD-15s, and C630s. Serials and builder order numbers included. Helm SD40-3…

    Read More

  29. Duluth, Missabe and Iron Range Steam Locomotives (Since 1900)

    Oct 22, 26 09:22 AM

    790917715782896902930978.jpg
    Duluth, Missabe & Iron Range steam locomotives built since 1900. Duluth & Iron Range, Duluth, Missabe & Northern, and later DM&IR acquisitions. Quantity column 252. Yellowstones 220-23…

    Read More

  30. Duluth, Missabe and Iron Range Railway: Roster, Map, Logo

    Oct 22, 26 09:17 AM

    1867661251253g1n1m1ko7089.jpg
    Duluth, Missabe & Iron Range, reporting mark DMIR, from the Mesabi and the Vermilion to the Lake Superior docks. Formed July 1, 1937. Steam quantity 252. Owned diesels 148. On paper through Decemb…

    Read More

  31. Duluth, South Shore, and Atlantic Railway: Map, Roster, Timetables

    Oct 21, 26 11:21 PM

    8208387920822j2978038797i10807.jpg
    Duluth, South Shore & Atlantic Railway, the South Shore. Marquette to the Sault, St. Ignace, Houghton, and Duluth-Superior. Soo Line on January 1, 1961. Twenty-four diesels.

    Read More

  32. Detroit, Toledo and Ironton Diesel Roster (All-Time)

    Oct 21, 26 02:55 PM

    0203867270018671y1o1860798.jpg
    All-time diesel roster of the Detroit, Toledo and Ironton. 119 frames, each counted once. Serials and builder order numbers included. Last steam was December 24, 1955.

    Read More

  33. Detroit, Toledo and Ironton Steam Roster (Post 1900)

    Oct 21, 26 02:49 PM

    286020187uy8701u19207817007.jpg
    Detroit, Toledo and Ironton steam locomotives built after 1900. Drury's class grid. The quantity column prints 141. Counted once, the frames are 137. Last steam was Mikado 805 on December 24, 1955.

    Read More

  34. Detroit, Toledo and Ironton Railroad: Map, Roster, History

    Oct 21, 26 02:40 PM

    0912481625154h235oi190207810090177.jpg
    Detroit, Toledo & Ironton, reporting mark DTI, from Detroit to Ironton, Ohio. Railway organized May 2, 1905. Railroad articles filed February 21, 1914. Henry Ford, 1920 to 1929. Steam and diesel r…

    Read More

  35. Iowa, Chicago and Eastern Railroad: Roster, Map, History

    Oct 21, 26 01:04 PM

    6414098681eueqlhg509851.jpg
    Iowa, Chicago & Eastern Railroad Corporation, reporting mark ICE. About 1,125 miles and about 275 miles of trackage rights from the I&M Rail Link. Operations at 12:01 a.m. July 30, 2002. Canad…

    Read More

  36. Rapid City, Pierre & Eastern Railroad: Route, Roster, Overview

    Oct 21, 26 10:16 AM

    dme-6368.jpg
    Rapid City, Pierre & Eastern Railroad, reporting mark RCPE. Genesee & Wyoming Class II. Agreement of January 2, 2014, Finance Docket 35799. Freight service from June 1, 2014, on the Dakota, Mi…

    Read More

  37. Dakota, Minnesota & Eastern Railroad: Roster, Map, History

    Oct 21, 26 12:26 AM

    00912842752h2u092j807938.jpg
    Dakota, Minnesota & Eastern Railroad, reporting mark DME. The July 2, 1986 Chicago & North Western sale, 826 miles and 139 miles of trackage rights. Canadian Pacific control October 30, 2008…

    Read More

  38. Detroit and Mackinac Railway: Map, Roster, History

    Oct 20, 26 11:58 PM

    460019587syhnq093q8809495322.jpg
    Detroit & Mackinac Railway, the Turtle Line. Bay City to Cheboygan along Lake Huron. Incorporated December 29, 1894. Lake State Railway leased the operation in 1992 and bought the lines in 1997. E…

    Read More

  39. Davenport, Rock Island and Northwestern Railroad

    Oct 20, 26 11:22 PM

    1723641724351248721859862998379808.jpg
    Davenport, Rock Island and North Western Railway, the DRI Line. Clinton to East Moline across the Crescent Bridge. Burlington and Milwaukee. Merged into the Soo Line on June 29, 1995. Eighteen diesels…

    Read More

  40. Chicago Great Western Steam Roster (Post 1900)

    Oct 20, 26 11:17 PM

    cgw-2104-854.jpg
    Chicago Great Western steam locomotives built or rebuilt since 1900. Drury's class grid. 320 frames, each once. The quantity column prints 376 because a rebuild is listed again. Last steam in the reti…

    Read More

  41. Chicago Great Western Diesel Roster (All-Time)

    Oct 20, 26 10:47 PM

    1249282735623572788206.jpg
    All-time diesel roster of the Chicago Great Western. 157 frames, each counted once. Serials and builder order numbers included. Steam was gone by 1950. The 1963 glance figure of 141 is one year's flee…

    Read More

  42. Chicago Great Western Railway: Map, Photos, History, Rosters

    Oct 20, 26 10:43 PM

    29601827162541423g11586189978.jpg
    The Chicago Great Western, the Corn Belt Route, linked Chicago, the Twin Cities, Omaha, and Kansas City from September 27, 1885, until the Chicago & North Western merger at 12:01 a.m. on July 1, 1968…

    Read More

  43. Chicago, South Shore & South Bend Railroad: "The South Shore Line"

    Oct 20, 26 05:48 PM

    0230938273472j2k60270921808.jpg
    Chicago South Shore & South Bend, the South Shore Line, from the 1901 Air Line through Samuel Insull's 1925 rebuild, the orange cars, the 800s, and the railroad NICTD and Anacostia still run.

    Read More

  44. Northwestern Virginia Railroad: Map, History, Timetable

    Oct 20, 26 04:18 PM

    09218341274615246235789324690837.jpg
    Northwestern Virginia Railroad, chartered February 14, 1851, Grafton to Parkersburg, 104 miles. Opened May 1, 1857. Foreclosure sale February 15, 1865, as the Parkersburg Branch. Twenty-three tunnels…

    Read More

  45. "Exposition Flyer" (Train): Consist, Timetable, History

    Oct 20, 26 03:29 PM

    5590osjuuq746892008579001104857.jpg
    Exposition Flyer, Chicago to Oakland, June 10, 1939 to March 20, 1949. Burlington, Rio Grande, and Western Pacific. Heavyweight cars, then diesels and a vista-dome. Replaced by the California Zephyr.

    Read More

  46. Chicago, St. Paul, Minneapolis & Omaha Railway, "The Omaha Road"

    Oct 20, 26 02:13 PM

    cstpmo-183.jpg
    The Omaha Road, reporting mark CMO. Formed May 26, 1880. North Western management on December 16, 1882. Leased January 1, 1957. Class K-1 No. 183 and the sublettered diesels.

    Read More

  47. Chicago and Western Indiana Railroad: Map, Rosters, History

    Oct 20, 26 01:17 PM

    379004871yi748905rtt563615.jpg
    Chicago and Western Indiana, chartered June 5, 1879. Five equal owners, Dearborn Station, and two main lines. Dolton suburban mile 16.6. Fifteen diesels. Railroad service ended in 1994. The Illinois c…

    Read More

  48. Railroad Tell-Tales: Protecting The Brakeman

    Oct 20, 26 12:58 PM

    91872481758998268030978.jpg
    Railroad tell-tales: hanging ropes that warned a man on a freight-car roof of a low bridge or tunnel. The 1897 bridge-warning report, the 1905 Wisconsin statute, retainers, and why the roof walk outla…

    Read More

  49. Chicago & North Western Steam Roster (Post 1900)

    Oct 20, 26 12:54 PM

    8290428584930395039.jpg
    Chicago & North Western steam locomotives built since 1900, and the Omaha Road list beside it. Drury's parent quantity column sums to 1,445, with four rows left blank. The Omaha Road column sums to 24…

    Read More

  50. Chicago & North Western Diesel Roster (All-Time)

    Oct 20, 26 12:49 PM

    1971284617285195891578199767966.jpg
    All-time diesel roster of the Chicago & North Western. 2,494 frames, each counted once, including Chicago Great Western, Minneapolis & St. Louis, and Omaha Road units that received North Western numbe…

    Read More