Last revised: October 21, 2026
By: Adam Burns
The Duluth, South Shore & Atlantic was the railroad along the south shore of Lake Superior. From Sault Ste. Marie and from St. Ignace it ran through Marquette and the iron country, then west to Superior and Duluth, with a branch up the Keweenaw to Houghton and Calumet. People called it the South Shore. The principal office was at Marquette. Articles of consolidation dated December 22, 1886, were filed in Michigan on March 9, 1887, and in Wisconsin on March 14, 1887. On November 1, 1949, a new Duluth, South Shore & Atlantic Railroad took the property, Mineral Range included. On January 1, 1961, that company became the Soo Line Railroad.
On the valuation date the road the Railway owned was 539 miles. The diesel fleet on this page is 24 locomotives. The newest steam, Pacifics 555 and 556 of 1924 and Consolidations 91 and 92, worked into the diesel years. In the summer of 1951, 2-8-0 No. 92 was still switching in front of the Marquette station.
A pair of Soo Line AS616s outside the roundhouse at Marquette, about 1965. No. 388 was built as Duluth, South Shore & Atlantic 204. American-Rails.com collection.
On this page: Iron and the Straits · The Railway · The line · The 1945 map · Ore dock No. 6 · The Railroad · At a glance · A 1945 timetable · The last steam · Passengers · Diesels · The Soo
The Commission’s corporate chart begins with two Iron Mountain companies, a railroad incorporated in Michigan on February 22, 1855, and a railway incorporated on March 14, 1855. They were consolidated in 1857, and that company was conveyed to the Bay de Noquet and Marquette on April 5, 1859. The Bay de Noquet company, incorporated December 27, 1857, built from Marquette to near Ishpeming in 1862, 20 miles. From Ishpeming the Marquette and Ontonagon reached Lake Michigamme in 1865, another 20 miles, and in 1872 it built from Humboldt to Republic, 9 miles. The Marquette, Houghton & Ontonagon carried the line from Lake Michigamme to L’Anse in 1873, 25 miles, and from L’Anse to Houghton in 1883, 32 miles. The Marquette and Western, Marquette to Winthrop Junction, 17 miles in 1884, was conveyed to that company on April 1, 1885.
The Detroit, Mackinac and Marquette was incorporated on September 4, 1879, and built the line to the Straits: Marquette to Glenwood in 1880, 20 miles, and Glenwood to St. Ignace in 1881, 135 miles. On December 20, 1886, the Mackinaw & Marquette, incorporated that day, received the Detroit, Mackinac and Marquette. St. Ignace was the south end, on the Straits of Mackinac. Marquette was the lake port and, in time, the railroad’s home office.
Articles of consolidation dated December 22, 1886, joined the property of the Mackinaw & Marquette with the charter rights of the Sault Ste. Marie and Marquette, incorporated in Michigan on February 6, 1880; the Duluth, Superior and Michigan, incorporated in Wisconsin on August 13, 1886; and the Wisconsin, Sault Ste. Marie & Mackinac, incorporated in Michigan on September 7, 1886. The articles were filed with the secretary of state of Michigan on March 9, 1887, and with the secretary of state of Wisconsin on March 14, 1887. The company those filings created was The Duluth, South Shore & Atlantic Railway Company. Its principal office was at Marquette.
The Marquette, Houghton and Ontonagon was leased on February 15, 1887, and purchased on July 17, 1890, together with the Negaunee & Palmer. That short road, incorporated June 30, 1888, ran from Negaunee to Palmer, 6 miles, built in 1888. In July 1907 the Railway bought the Dead River Railroad, incorporated November 11, 1889. Its line, about 3 miles from near Marquette to the mouth of the Dead River, was classed with yard and sidetracks.
What the new company built itself was the east end and the west end. From Sault Ste. Marie to Soo Junction, 47 miles, the line was finished in 1887. Classic Trains dates that race, against the Minneapolis, St. Paul & Sault Ste. Marie building east from Wisconsin, to September 1887. From Nestoria west to Allouez, and from Superior’s east end into Superior, 208 miles were built in 1888 and 1890. The bridge over the St. Mary’s River belonged to the Sault Ste. Marie Bridge Company. The Railway leased it for fifty years from July 1, 1887, 1.22 miles of road included, and the tenants guaranteed the bridge company’s bonds.
In 1890 Canadian Pacific took on the funded debt of this railroad and of the Minneapolis, St. Paul & Sault Ste. Marie. The South Shore kept its own name, its own locomotives, and the office at Marquette. It remained a separately named company until the merger of 1961.
The Commission published the owned road as 539 miles on the valuation date: 284 acquired by consolidation or purchase, and 255 built by the Railway. The same report describes the geography in four pieces. Sault Ste. Marie to Houghton is 247.763 miles. Nestoria, on that line, to Superior is 208.369 miles. Soo Junction to St. Ignace is 42.993 miles. Short branches, all in Michigan, add 37.767 miles. All tracks the company wholly owned and used came to 720.917 miles, and it jointly owned and used another 42.726. The rows below are that owned road. The Dead River’s 3 miles are classed with the yard tracks.
| Piece | Miles |
|---|---|
| Acquired with the Mackinaw & Marquette, built by the Detroit, Mackinac and Marquette | |
| Marquette to Glenwood, 1880 | 20 |
| Glenwood to St. Ignace, 1881 | 135 |
| Subtotal | 155 |
| Purchased from the Marquette, Houghton and Ontonagon, July 17, 1890 | |
| Bay de Noquet and Marquette, Marquette to near Ishpeming, 1862 | 20 |
| Marquette and Ontonagon, Ishpeming to Lake Michigamme, 1865 | 20 |
| Marquette, Houghton & Ontonagon, Lake Michigamme to L’Anse, 1873 | 25 |
| Marquette, Houghton and Ontonagon, L’Anse to Houghton, 1883 | 32 |
| Marquette and Western, Marquette to Winthrop Junction, 1884 | 17 |
| Marquette and Ontonagon, Humboldt to Republic, 1872 | 9 |
| Subtotal | 123 |
| Negaunee & Palmer, Negaunee to Palmer, 1888, conveyed the same day as the purchase | 6 |
| Built by the Duluth, South Shore & Atlantic | |
| Sault Ste. Marie to Soo Junction, 1887 | 47 |
| Nestoria to Allouez, and Superior (East End) to Superior, 1888 and 1890 | 208 |
| Subtotal, built by the company | 255 |
| Owned road on the valuation date | 539 |
Duluth was reached on other railroads’ track. From Allouez into Superior the trains used 1.35 miles of the Omaha Road, from January 1, 1901. From Superior to the Duluth depot they used 5.30 miles of the Minneapolis, St. Paul & Sault Ste. Marie, under a lease dated from January 1, 1911, and the Northern Pacific bridge between the two cities, 0.84 mile, from October 1915. Up the iron range, the Chicago & North Western used the South Shore from Negaunee to Calumet, 97.10 miles. From November 23, 1899, the Milwaukee Road used Champion to Calumet, 78.20 miles, for its passenger trains into the Copper Country.
The Mineral Range was a separate railroad on the valuation date. The South Shore used 14.17 miles of it, East Houghton to Calumet, and the Mineral Range used 2.10 miles of the South Shore, Houghton to Pilgrim. When Judge Gunnar Nordbye described the property in 1948, the Mineral Range was the 26-mile line from Houghton through Hancock to Calumet, operated with the South Shore and valuable as a feeder. It came into the reorganized company on November 1, 1949.
The 1945 sheet is the public map of that year: the south shore from the Sault through Marquette, the branch to St. Ignace, the line up to Houghton and Calumet, and the road west through northern Wisconsin to Superior and Duluth. The miles in the table above are the Commission’s, on the valuation date. The map is the system a wartime passenger would have been handed.
A 1945 system map of the Duluth, South Shore & Atlantic Railway.
Iron ore, Keweenaw copper, and the timber of the south shore were the railroad’s living. In 1930, with Canadian Pacific financing, the company announced ore dock No. 6 at Marquette, a reinforced-concrete dock 85 feet high and 968 feet long, with 150 pockets and a capacity of 43,000 tons. The work was billed at $1.8 million. In 2015 the dock was still standing, unused, and without its approach.
The timber moved first as white pine and then as hardwood and pulpwood, and the iron moved to the lake boats at Marquette. When the lake was open, a boat could carry bulk ore more cheaply than the railroad could haul it the length of the Upper Peninsula. The South Shore’s year-round job was the country the boats could not reach in winter, the mines and mills along the line, and the bridge traffic that had to cross the Straits or go out through the Sault.
On January 2, 1937, the Railway filed in the United States District Court for Minnesota, under Section 77 of the Bankruptcy Act, a petition that it could not meet its debts as they matured and that it wanted a plan of reorganization. On January 30, 1937, the court appointed two trustees, James L. Homire and E. A. Whitman. The Interstate Commerce Commission approved a plan on June 19, 1947, and certified it to the court. Judge Nordbye approved it on July 31, 1948.
The opinion describes the railroad then in front of the court. From Sault Ste. Marie and from St. Ignace the lines joined at Soo Junction, ran west through Marquette to Nestoria, turned north to Houghton, and from Nestoria ran west through Ashland and Superior to Duluth: 425 miles of main line, 21 miles of branch line, and 102 miles of leased line, about 548 miles. The Marquette–Nestoria–Houghton portion was the old Marquette, Houghton & Ontonagon mortgage district. The rest was the South Shore’s own mortgage district. Those 548 miles include leased line. They are a different measurement from the 539 miles of road the Railway owned on the valuation date.
The Duluth, South Shore & Atlantic Railroad was incorporated in Minnesota on October 19, 1949. The company’s annual report for 1949 states that the reorganization of the two predecessors, the Duluth, South Shore and Atlantic Railway and the Mineral Range Railroad, was consummated on November 1, 1949, and that on that day the new company acquired the properties and began to operate them. The name on the locomotives stayed the South Shore. The corporate name was now Railroad.
| Item | Detail |
|---|---|
| Legal name | The Duluth, South Shore & Atlantic Railway Company, 1887. Duluth, South Shore & Atlantic Railroad, from November 1, 1949 |
| Known as | The South Shore |
| Headquarters | Marquette, Michigan |
| Gauge | Standard gauge. A steam railroad on the valuation date |
| Articles | December 22, 1886. Filed in Michigan March 9, 1887, and in Wisconsin March 14, 1887 |
| Owned road | 539 miles on the valuation date. Sault Ste. Marie to Houghton 247.763; Nestoria to Superior 208.369; Soo Junction to St. Ignace 42.993; short Michigan branches 37.767 |
| 1948 description | About 548 miles: 425 of main line, 21 of branch, and 102 leased. Mineral Range, 26 miles, Houghton through Hancock to Calumet |
| Canadian Pacific | Funded debt taken on in 1890, with the Minneapolis, St. Paul & Sault Ste. Marie. The South Shore kept its own name |
| Bankruptcy | Petition January 2, 1937. Plan approved by the Commission June 19, 1947, and by the court July 31, 1948 |
| Railroad | Incorporated in Minnesota October 19, 1949. Operating the properties from November 1, 1949, Mineral Range included |
| Newest steam | 4-6-2s 555 and 556, Alco-Brooks, 1924, and 2-8-0s 91 and 92. No. 92 worked into January 1953. By 1955 the railroad owned no steam |
| Diesels | 24 frames, each once |
| Passengers | Trains 7 and 8 off June 4, 1955. The St. Ignace train, RDC-1 No. 500, off January 11, 1958 |
| Successor | Soo Line Railroad, January 1, 1961. The 1949 company was the survivor and took that name |
Trains 7 and 8 were the Marquette–Duluth passenger trains, and they carried the name North Country Mail between Duluth and Sault Ste. Marie. In the 1950s they used the Soo Line’s stations in Ashland, Superior, and Duluth. Trains 1 and 2 were the Marquette–St. Ignace trains. The sheet below is the railroad’s 1945 timetable.
A page of the Duluth, South Shore & Atlantic timetable for 1945.
With Canadian Pacific financing, the railroad bought two 4-6-2s, 555 and 556, from Alco’s Brooks works in 1924. Those Pacifics, and 2-8-0s 91 and 92, remained its newest steam. On a September 1951 afternoon at the Marquette station, A. C. Kalmbach photographed 92 making up train 7 for the overnight run to Duluth, and 556 pulling out with train 1 for Calumet. The photograph here is 92 switching in front of that station the same summer.
Duluth, South Shore & Atlantic 2-8-0 No. 92 switching in front of the station at Marquette in the summer of 1951. A. C. Kalmbach photo. American-Rails.com collection.
In 1952, Nos. 91 and 92 were the only steam locomotives still operating. The others were stored. A branch planned as 14½ miles, from Bergland to the White Pine Copper Company mine, was completed in 1953, and No. 92 worked on that construction into January 1953. In 1953 the remaining steam was scrapped except 91 and 92. The mine’s facilities were completed in 1954. By 1955 the railroad no longer owned a steam locomotive. Those four remained its newest steam, and No. 92 was the last of them at work.
Trains 7 and 8 went from daily to triweekly on August 13, 1954. On the days they did not run, mail and express moved by road in yellow trailers lettered in red. The two trains came off on June 4, 1955. Trains 1 and 2, between Marquette and St. Ignace, continued. The last railway post office left Marquette on July 31, 1955, and after that the mail and express went by truck.
In July 1955 the railroad bought a Budd RDC-1 from the Budd Company for $164,281. No. 500, the Shoreliner, went to work in August on the Ishpeming–St. Ignace round trip, 332 miles. The Mackinac Bridge opened to traffic on November 1, 1957. The St. Ignace train came off on January 11, 1958, and the railcar was sold to Canadian Pacific. No. 500 was a Budd railcar. The 24 locomotives in the table are the owned diesel fleet.
At St. Ignace the railroad met the Straits. The car ferry was the Mackinac Transportation Company’s Chief Wawatam. The South Shore was one of the three owners, with the Grand Rapids & Indiana and the Michigan Central. After July 31, 1955, passenger cars were no longer carried across. The Detroit & Mackinac met the same boat only later, on the old Michigan Central line into Mackinaw City.
The railroad owned 24 diesel locomotives, each frame once. Eight were Alco RS-1s. Nos. 100 and 101 came in May and June 1945, and the last of the eight, No. 107, came in January 1951. The Soo kept the numbers 100 through 107. No. 101 is at the Lake Superior Railroad Museum, and Nos. 103 and 104 are at the Indiana Railway Museum.
Baldwin’s center-cabs arrived in the fall of 1949. Three DRS-6-6-1500s, 200 through 202, and the first of the DT-6-6-2000 transfer units came in October and November 1949. Road switcher 203 is dated August 1950. The four transfer units, 300 through 303, are the 1949–1950 group, serials 74668 through 74670 and 74672. In 1955 the railroad added full outside handrails to the Baldwin road switchers. The center-cabs 200 through 203 had been delivered with them.
Eight AS616s finished the road fleet. Nos. 204 through 208 came in February 1951, and 209 and 210 in August 1952. No. 211 arrived in August 1952. It had been built as Baldwin-Lima-Hamilton demonstrator 1600, serial 74676, and it carried dynamic brakes and outside-equalized trucks. Soo 388, in the photograph at the top of this page, was built as 204. The Soo numbers in the notes are the same frames after January 1, 1961.
| Model | Numbers | Builder | Serial | Order | Built | Qty | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| RS-1 | 100, 101 | Alco | 73753, 73760 | — | May and June 1945 | 2 | Later Soo 100 and 101. No. 101 is at the Lake Superior Railroad Museum |
| RS-1 | 102 | Alco | 75215 | — | December 1946 | 1 | Later Soo 102 |
| RS-1 | 103–105 | Alco | 75217–75219 | — | January–February 1947 | 3 | Later Soo 103–105. Nos. 103 and 104 are at the Indiana Railway Museum |
| RS-1 | 106 | Alco | 75389 | — | May 1947 | 1 | Later Soo 106 |
| RS-1 | 107 | Alco | 78376 | — | January 1951 | 1 | Later Soo 107 |
| DRS-6-6-1500 | 200–202 | Baldwin | 74693–74695 | — | November 1949 | 3 | Later Soo 384–386 |
| DRS-6-6-1500 | 203 | Baldwin | 74716 | — | August 1950 | 1 | Later Soo 387 |
| DT-6-6-2000 | 300–303 | Baldwin | 74668–74670, 74672 | — | 1949–1950 | 4 | Later Soo 396–399 |
| AS616 | 204–208 | Baldwin | 75071–75075 | — | February 1951 | 5 | Later Soo 388–392. No. 388 is the Marquette photograph |
| AS616 | 209, 210 | Baldwin | 75180, 75181 | — | August 1952 | 2 | Later Soo 393 and 394 |
| AS616 | 211 | Baldwin | 74676 | — | March 1952 | 1 | Baldwin-Lima-Hamilton demonstrator 1600. Arrived August 1952, with dynamic brakes and outside-equalized trucks. Later Soo 395 |
In 1959 the presidents of the Soo Line, the Wisconsin Central, and the South Shore were already talking about one company. Stockholders approved a merger in March 1960. The shops at Marquette were to close for heavy repairs, which would move to Shoreham and North Fond du Lac, and Marquette would keep the running repairs. Leonard H. Murray, who had been president of the South Shore, became president of the merged railroad.
On January 1, 1961, the Minneapolis, St. Paul & Sault Ste. Marie and the Wisconsin Central were merged into the Duluth, South Shore & Atlantic. The 1949 company was the survivor. Canadian Pacific preferred its corporate structure. It took the name Soo Line Railroad. The locomotives in the table above went with it, under the Soo numbers in the notes. The later history of that company is on the Soo Line page.
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